The inventory status of a product that is currently on hand and available for immediate shipment.
这也是产品的库存状况之一，指企业的现有库存足以满足客户的需求，可立即进行发货。

A technique that involves comparing one's own processes to excellent examples of similar processes in other organizations or departments. Through benchmarking, rapid learning can occur, and processes can undergo dramatic improvements.
这是一种绩效评估技术，将自己的流程与其他组织或部门的最佳流程实践进行比较。通过对比来确定基准或标杆，并加快学习的步伐，最终使自己的流程也得到明显的改善。

The inventory status of a product that is not immediately on hand but that can be produced within the required fulfillment lead time.
这是产品的库存状况之一，虽然企业的现有库存不足于满足需求，但在交付期内依然可以生产出足够的产品来满足客户需求。

Traditional contracts that make adherence to proper behavior a matter of self-interest.
以满足企业自身利益为行为标准的传统的合作方式。

Collaborative objectives aligning supply chain strategies such as sale and management goal.
以具体协同目标为导向的合作方式，具体协同目标必须与销售、经营等供应链战略目标相一致。

Those competitive characteristics that a firm must exhibit to be a viable competitor in the marketplace. For example, a firm may seek to compete on characteristics other than price, but in order to “ qualify” to compete ,its costs and the related price must be within a certain range to be considered by its customers.
在市场中，企业生存或成为一个竞争者所必需具备的竞争性特征。例如，一个企业寻求的竞争性特征并不是价格，但是为了有资格参与竞争，其成本和价格必须在客户所能接受的范围之内。

Those competitive characteristics that cause a firm’s customers to choose that firm’s goods and services over those of its competitors. Order winners can be considered to be competitive advantages for the firm. Order winners usually focus on one ( rarely more than two ) of the following strategic initiatives: price/cost, quality, delivery, speed, delivery reliability, product design, flexibility, after-market service, and image.
令一个企业的产品或服务在众多竞争者当中脱颖而出，并赢取顾客订单的竞争性特征。订单赢取资格可以被认为是企业的竞争优势。订单赢取资格通常集中于以下一个战略性定位（很少超过两个）：价格/成本，质量，交货，速度，交货可靠性，产品设计，柔性，售后服务和形象。

A technique in which products with characteristics in common are left in their common form until demand is realized, allowing a better match of production to realized demand.
这是一种供应链管理方法，以通用的外形或者形状来保管那些特征相同的产品。当产品需求确定后，企业再根据需求进行差异化加工、组装和包装。

Benchmarking a process(such as the pick ,pack, and ship process) against organizations known to be the best in class in this process. Process benchmarking is usually conducted on firms outside of the organization’s industry .
针对某一流程（诸如分拣、包装和发货流程）以其它企业中被公认的最佳流程为标杆，对本企业的这一流程做出测评的方法。通常，这是一种跨企业行业的测评方法。

A type of manufacturing organization in which both plant and staff management responsibilities are delineated by production process. A highly centralized staff coordinates plant activities and intracompany material movements. This type of organization is best suited to companies whose dominant orientation is to a technology or a material and whose manufacturing processes tend to be complex and capital intensive.
一种制造企业模式。在这种制造模式中，生产车间和人员的管理职责都由生产流程决定。一个高度集中的指挥中心对车间活动和企业内的物料流动进行协调。这种组织类型最适用于由某一技术或某一物料主导的企业，以及生产流程相对复杂、固定资产投资相对较多的企业。

Ability of an entity（such as a factory or distributor）to provide product or service within the required time.
一个实体（如生产工厂或者配送中心）在要求时间内提供产品或服务的能力。